![]() In the skin, the vitamin D 3 precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol converts to previtamin D 3 after UVB exposure ( 10, 11). Fatty fish contain high amounts of vitamin D 3 (cholecalciferol) ( 8). 80–90% of the body’s vitamin D supply is produced by the skin’s exposure to UVB radiation and 10–20% is acquired through diet ( 7). Vitamin D 3 metabolism and its effects on cells of the immune and nervous system. Lastly, the evidence of the effects of vitamin D supplementation on MS risk, MS disease activity, and as a potential add-on for relapse therapy will be outlined (summarized in Table 1).įigure 1. Third, the association of vitamin D and MS risk as well as MS disease activity will be laid out (summarized in Table 1). Second, we will outline the effects of vitamin D on cells of the innate and adaptive immune system and cells of the nervous system (summarized in Figure 1). First, we will review the metabolism (summarized in Figure 1), the biological and safety features, and the intake guidelines of vitamin D. In this article, we will briefly review the effects of vitamin D on MS. One of the identified factors is vitamin D status ( 1, 4). Nonetheless, certain genetic and environmental factors influencing not only MS risk but also MS disease activity have been identified ( 1, 3– 6). The exact pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) are not fully understood ( 1, 2). We will also review the effects of vitamin D supplementation on MS risk and MS disease activity. In the following article, we will briefly review the effects of vitamin D on MS by outlining its effects on the immune and nervous system and by reviewing the association between vitamin D and MS risk as well as MS disease activity. Besides vitamin D supplementation as a potential add-on to long-term immunotherapeutic treatment, a recent laboratory study of our group pointed toward a beneficial effect of vitamin D to improve the efficacy of glucocorticoids in relapse therapy. An explanation for missed primary endpoints may be underpowered trials. In this regard, prospective vitamin D supplementation studies missed statistical significance in its primary endpoints but showed promising results in secondary outcome measures or post hoc analyses. However, this finding does not demonstrate causality. MS patients with lower serum vitamin D concentrations were shown to have higher disease activity. ![]() From different risk factors contributing to the development of MS, vitamin D status is of particular interest since it is not only a modifiable risk factor but is also associated with MS disease activity. Over the past decades, increasing evidence suggested that hypovitaminosis D is a contributing factor to the risk of developing MS. It is one of the most common neurological disorders in young adults. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized as an autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system. Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.Andrei Miclea *, Maud Bagnoud, Andrew Chan and Robert Hoepner
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